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Plymouth remained a separate political entity until it was absorbed by the Massachusetts Bay Colony, in 1691. Plymouth was never a prosperous settlement, but the religiously faithful were content to be ignored by English officials and left to direct their own affairs. The sandy, rocky soil had made agriculture difficult, but basic crops were grown successfully. The Plymouth economy developed around trade in fish and furs. That fall, following a successful harvest, the Pilgrims feasted with the Wampanoag in the first Thanksgiving celebration. The natives provided critical instruction on adaptation to the new environment, particularly in the cultivation of corn. In 1621, the Pilgrims concluded a peace treaty with chief Massasoit of the neighboring Wampanoag tribe. During the first winter, adverse weather conditions and lack of food took a heavy toll among the original 102 colonists. With typical religious certainty, the leaders concluded that God had cleared the site for his chosen people. The Pilgrims established their first home in an empty Indian village where the inhabitants had recently been wiped out by an epidemic. Since they were well outside the confines of Virginia, the colonists sought to legitimize their venture by forming the Mayflower Compact.
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The Pilgrims had intended to settle near the mouth of the Hudson River, but had been blown off course in stormy weather. They arrived in November initially at Provincetown Bay and later settled at what became Plymouth. Separatist leaders secured a land grant from Sandys in 1620, and embarked in the ship Mayflower for the New World in September. They also were concerned about the fact that their children were growing up as young Dutch people and not adhering to their parents’ religious dictates. Their journeys earned them the name "Pilgrim."ĭespite their enjoyment of religious toleration, the separatists were denied entry to the lucrative Dutch guilds and found it hard to support themselves. Sir Edwin Sandys, a major figure in the Plymouth group, hoped to salvage some of his investment by convincing James I that he should allow a group of religious dissenters to settle on the company’s lands.Įarlier, in 1608, group of religious separatists from the English town of Scrooby had moved quietly to Amsterdam and Leiden, Holland, in search of religious freedom. The stockholders' spirits were further dampened when they noticed that their chief rival, the Virginia Company of London, had established a settlement at Jamestown, where a lucrative tobacco economy began to develop in the late 1600s. Before they were expelled at the beginning of the 80 Years’ War, the streets of Leiden housed the Catholic Spaniards. Before the pilgrims came to Leiden, the city already had a history of diverse inhabitants. From there, they would sail to the New World.
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The Virginia Company of Plymouth, a group of English merchant investors, had failed to establish permanent colonies in the northern reaches of what was then known as Virginia. They were an ostracised religious group that escaped from England and came to live in Leiden.
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